India’s Stance on Dual Citizenship

India’s approach to citizenship is governed by the Indian Constitution, specifically Article 9, and the Citizenship Act of 1955. According to these legal provisions, India follows a strict policy of single citizenship, meaning that an individual can only be a citizen of India and not of any other country simultaneously.

When a person becomes a citizen of another country, they automatically lose their Indian citizenship. The Indian government does not recognise the concept of holding dual nationality or citizenship at the same time. This policy reflects India’s stance that each country should have the authority to control the legal status of its own citizens without competing claims of nationality.

What Happens if an Indian Citizen Acquires Foreign Citizenship?

If an Indian citizen acquires foreign citizenship, they are required to renounce their Indian citizenship. The Indian government mandates that citizens who take up foreign nationality must notify the Indian authorities and surrender their Indian passport. This is because, under Indian law, acquiring foreign citizenship automatically results in the termination of Indian citizenship.

This rule applies regardless of whether the foreign country permits dual citizenship. For example, if an Indian citizen becomes a naturalised citizen of the United States, they must relinquish their Indian passport, as India does not allow dual nationality, even if the United States permits dual citizenship.

Exceptions and Special Provisions: Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI)

While India does not allow dual citizenship, it has introduced a unique scheme known as the Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI), which can offer some of the benefits that are typically associated with citizenship.

The OCI is not the same as full Indian citizenship, but it grants the following privileges to individuals of Indian origin living abroad:

1. Visa-Free Travel: OCI holders are entitled to visa-free travel to India for business, tourism, and medical purposes.
2. Property Rights: OCI holders can buy property in India, although there are restrictions on agricultural land.
3. Cultural and Educational Benefits: OCI holders can benefit from some educational opportunities and can attend cultural events in India.

However, the OCI is not equivalent to full citizenship. It does not grant voting rights, eligibility for government jobs, or the right to hold a political office in India. Furthermore, OCI holders cannot contest elections or hold any government posts in India.

The OCI scheme is available to individuals who were born in India or whose parents or grandparents were born in India and are now citizens of another country. However, it is important to note that OCI status is not a form of dual citizenship; it is a legal status that allows a foreign national of Indian origin to enjoy certain privileges in India without acquiring full citizenship.

Why Does India Not Allow Dual Citizenship?

India’s decision to prohibit dual citizenship is rooted in both legal and philosophical considerations. Here are a few reasons behind this policy:

1. Sovereignty and Loyalty: The Indian government believes that dual citizenship could create legal complexities, particularly when it comes to issues of loyalty and national allegiance. By requiring individuals to choose one nationality, India ensures that its citizens are solely loyal to the country and its interests.
2. Immigration and Legal Issues: Dual citizenship can complicate immigration, taxation, and legal processes, especially when individuals have rights and responsibilities in multiple countries. This could create challenges in areas such as diplomatic protection, military service, and taxation. India prefers to avoid such complications by adhering to a single citizenship policy.
3. Administrative Simplicity: Maintaining a single-citizenship policy makes it easier for the government to manage its citizens, their rights, and their duties. It also simplifies the process of issuing passports and enforcing the country’s laws.
4. National Identity: India’s commitment to a unified national identity and citizenship has been a core tenet since its independence. The country’s laws reflect the importance of a single, unambiguous connection to the nation, where every citizen’s legal status is clear and distinct.

What Happens if an Indian Citizen Has Dual Citizenship by Accident?

In practice, dual citizenship can occasionally arise “accidentally,” especially for individuals who may acquire foreign nationality without fully understanding the implications for their Indian citizenship. This can occur in situations like:

• Children born in foreign countries: Some countries automatically grant citizenship to children born within their borders (i.e., jus soli). If the parents are Indian citizens, the child may accidentally become a dual citizen of both India and the country of birth. In such cases, the child would be required to choose their nationality, as India does not recognize dual nationality.
• Naturalisation: If an Indian citizen inadvertently becomes a naturalised citizen of another country (for example, through marriage or work), they may be unaware of India’s policy of automatic renunciation of citizenship. In such instances, it’s critical for the individual to notify the Indian authorities and surrender their passport.

How to Avoid Dual Citizenship Issues?

If you are an Indian citizen and are considering acquiring another nationality, it’s essential to understand the implications of India’s single citizenship policy. Here are some steps you can take:

1. Understand the Laws of Both Countries: Before seeking foreign citizenship, be aware of both your home country’s laws and the laws of the country you are considering. Some countries allow dual citizenship, while others may require you to renounce your original nationality.
2. Surrender Indian Citizenship if Necessary: If you are acquiring foreign citizenship, remember that you must formally renounce your Indian citizenship by surrendering your Indian passport to the Indian government. This process involves submitting a form to the Indian embassy or consulate in the country where you live.
3. Consider OCI: If you wish to retain ties with India but do not want to hold Indian citizenship, you may consider applying for Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI). While not the same as dual citizenship, the OCI allows you to maintain strong links with India without having to give up your foreign nationality.

India does not permit dual citizenship, a policy that is rooted in the country’s desire to maintain clear legal status for its citizens, ensure loyalty to the nation, and avoid potential complications arising from conflicting national laws. Indian citizens who acquire foreign nationality automatically lose their Indian citizenship, and it is important for individuals to understand this and take the necessary steps to renounce or regularise their status. While India offers Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) as a viable alternative, it is not a form of dual citizenship and comes with its own set of limitations.

For those who are considering foreign citizenship, it is crucial to fully understand both the benefits and the legal ramifications, ensuring that their decision aligns with their long-term personal and professional goals.

The growing trend of Citizenship by Investment in 2025

With the evolving global landscape and increasing globalisation, the concept of CBI has gained significant momentum in recent years, and this trend is expected to continue in 2025.

This innovative approach allows individuals to acquire citizenship or residency in a foreign country. This is done by making a substantial financial investment in that nation. Let’s explore the reasons behind the growing popularity of CBI and its potential impact in 2025.

Economic benefits and opportunities

One of the primary motivations for individuals seeking CBI is the allure of economic benefits and promising opportunities. Many countries that offer such programmes have robust economies, attractive tax regimes, and business-friendly environments.

By obtaining citizenship through investment, individuals gain access to these economic advantages, including favorable tax policies, business expansion prospects, and international trade opportunities.

Enhanced mobility and global access

CBI programmes often provide enhanced mobility and global access to individuals and their families.

In an interconnected world, having multiple citizenships allows for greater flexibility in travel, business ventures, and access to global markets. These programmes enable individuals to become global citizens, enjoying the benefits and privileges associated with multiple nationalities.

Security and stability

Investing in citizenship also offers individuals a sense of security and stability. In an unpredictable world, having an alternative residence or citizenship provides a safety net. This allows for easier relocation in times of political or economic uncertainty. By diversifying their citizenship portfolios, individuals can mitigate risks and secure a stable future for themselves and their families.

Diversification of assets

CBI provides an opportunity for individuals to diversify their assets across different countries. By investing in real estate, businesses, or government bonds, individuals can expand their investment portfolios and reduce their exposure to risks associated with a single country. This diversification strategy offers financial stability and the potential for long-term wealth preservation.

Social and educational benefits

In addition to economic advantages, CBI often provides access to high-quality education and healthcare systems in the host country. This becomes particularly appealing for families seeking better educational opportunities for their children or access to advanced healthcare facilities. The social benefits that come with CBI contribute to an improved quality of life for individuals and their families.

Foreign direct investment and economic growth

CBI programmes play a crucial role in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI), contributing to the economic growth of host countries.

The significant funds injected through these programmes stimulate various sectors such as real estate, tourism, and infrastructure development. In 2024, we can expect to witness an increased focus on attracting FDI through innovative CBI programmes that drive economic prosperity.

The best Citizenship by Investment Programmes for 2025

These are the top CBI programmes for 2025. We explore their key features, benefits, and why they stand out in today’s competitive landscape.

St. Kitts and Nevis Citizenship by Investment

The St Kitts and Nevis Citizenship by Investment Programme continues to be a frontrunner in the realm of international citizenship. Renowned for its longevity and credibility, this programme offers individuals various investment options. These include real estate and a contribution to the Sustainable Island State Contribution.

Dominica Citizenship by Investment Programme

The Dominica Citizenship by Investment Programme has gained significant recognition for its transparency and efficiency. With an investment in the Economic Diversification Fund (EDF), individuals can obtain citizenship in this Caribbean nation. The programme has a streamlined application process and the ability to include family members. This makes it an appealing option for those seeking a second citizenship.

Malta Individual Investor Programme

The Malta Individual Investor Programme is widely regarded as one of the most prestigious Citizenship by Investment programmes in the world. This European Union (EU) programme offers individuals the opportunity to invest in real estate or contribute to the National Development and Social Fund. Malta’s EU membership, along with its strong economy and high standard of living, make it an attractive choice for investors looking for global opportunities.

Cyprus Citizenship by Investment Programme

The Cyprus CBI Programme has gained prominence for providing a path to EU citizenship. By investing in real estate, businesses, or a combination of both, individuals can obtain Cypriot citizenship. Cyprus offers benefits such as visa-free travel within the EU, a favorable tax regime, and access to top-notch educational and healthcare facilities.

Portugal Golden Visa Programme

Portugal’s Golden Visa Programme has gained popularity due to its flexibility and benefits within the European Union. The programme grants visa-free travel within the Schengen Area. Additionally it provides a high standard of living, and access to excellent healthcare and education systems.

As we embark on the year 2025, the best CBI programmes continue to provide opportunities for individuals seeking enhanced global mobility, expanded business prospects, and a higher quality of life.

Whether it’s the allure of Caribbean paradises like St. Kitts and Nevis and Dominica or the prestige of European destinations like Malta, Cyprus, and Portugal, these programmes offer individuals a chance to secure a second citizenship with numerous advantages.

By carefully considering the features and benefits of each programme, aspiring global citizens can make informed decisions and embark on a transformative journey towards a brighter future.

What is dual citizenship?

Dual citizenship is the solution to a world full of borders and it’s becoming increasingly popular. 

In order to escape the ordinary, HNWIs are participating in Citizenship by Investment programmes and building a secure future for themselves in doing so. Think of dual citizenship as an out-of-the-box way of obtaining second citizenship in another country.  Second citizenship is much more than just an enhanced travel document; it is a framework for a transcendent life. 

Dual citizenship is something through which the investor can hold citizenship certificates and passports of two different countries at the same time. 

Which countries offer dual citizenship?

Many Caribbean islands, such as Dominica and St. Kitts and Nevis provide the chance to obtain dual citizenship through their Citizenship by Investment Programmes. 

More and more people want to expand their horizons and don’t want to be restricted to just one country. Often, in an attempt to secure a brighter future, individuals look abroad for opportunities. In this regard, dual citizenship can offer a lot of assurance and benefits.  

Benefits of dual citizenship

Possible travelling privileges

HNWIs find second citizenship a suitable way to expand their global footprints and get access to diversified markets.

Global Business Opportunities

Second citizenship can provide access to new markets and business opportunities across the globe. As a citizen of a particular country, an investor can invest freely in that country.

As dual citizens, they can enjoy the benefit of easily investing in other countries as well. Having second citizenship means individuals have more options and more freedom.

While travelling across the globe and grabbing global investment opportunities, HNWIs will get a sense of security and freedom. Various countries offer such reach to new markets and the chance to invest in the fastest-growing economy.

Security and Stability

Several countries are subjected to social and political unrest, economic strife, instability and government intrusion.

Dual citizenship could be a solution to these problems. It is a key to life in a country where civil liberties are protected and socioeconomic and political stability has been achieved.

Access to better healthcare and education

Health and education are basic needs. Yet this is not achievable for many.

Dual citizenship has emerged as a platform which can offer an improved and advanced standard of healthcare and education. In fact, many countries that offer second citizenship provide access to robust first-rate healthcare systems.

They are able to do this as they have the capacity to fully support citizens through times of adversity.  Parents want to give their children the tools to succeed in learning and in life. Second citizenship can grant children access to some of the top schools in the world. As a citizen of a European or Commonwealth nation, adults can also enroll in some of the world’s oldest and most prestigious universities.

Dual citizenship in 2025: a benefit for who?

Let’s explore the diverse groups of people who can reap the advantages of dual citizenship.

International businesspersons

Dual citizenship creates a unique advantage for international businesspersons.

By holding citizenship in multiple countries, they can access a broader range of markets, establish international business networks, and navigate complex regulations more effectively. This expanded global reach can lead to increased business opportunities and facilitate international collaborations.

Frequent travellers

Frequent travellers, such as globetrotting professionals or individuals with family in different countries, can benefit greatly from dual citizenship.

With two passports, they can enjoy more flexibility in travel and experience fewer travel restrictions. This freedom of movement allows them to effortlessly explore the world and connect with their loved ones across borders.

Educational enthusiasts

Dual citizenship opens up a plethora of educational opportunities for students and scholars. By holding citizenship in a country with prestigious educational institutions, individuals can access scholarships, grants, and subsidised tuition fees, easing the financial burden of pursuing quality education.

Moreover, dual citizenship can enhance the chances of admission to renowned universities, broadening their academic horizons.

Cultural enthusiasts

For those who have a deep appreciation for different cultures, dual citizenship can be a gateway to fully immerse themselves in diverse traditions and heritage.

By acquiring citizenship in another country, they gain the right to participate in cultural activities, festivals, and celebrations, fostering a deeper understanding and connection to their chosen culture.

Safety and security conscious individuals

In tumultuous times, having dual citizenship can provide an added layer of safety and security.

By holding citizenship in a stable country, individuals can seek refuge or relocate if their primary country of residence faces political instability, economic downturns, or natural disasters. This invaluable option can provide peace of mind during uncertain times.

Heritage seekers

For individuals who have ancestral roots in a different country, dual citizenship can be a means to reconnect with their heritage.

By obtaining citizenship in their ancestral homeland, they can embrace their cultural roots, strengthen familial ties, and develop a sense of belonging to a rich heritage.

Retirees and expatriates

Retirees and expatriates often find dual citizenship advantageous as it provides them with more flexibility and options for their retirement plans.

They can choose to retire in one country while maintaining ties with their home country, enabling them to enjoy the benefits of both worlds, such as access to healthcare, social security, and a comfortable lifestyle.

Dual citizenship offers a multitude of advantages to various individuals, including international businesspersons, frequent travelers, educational enthusiasts, cultural enthusiasts, safety-conscious individuals, heritage seekers, retirees, and expatriates.

By embracing the opportunity to hold citizenship in two countries, these individuals can expand their horizons, enhance their experiences, and enjoy the benefits of a global perspective.

What is a dual national?

A dual national is someone who holds citizenship in two different countries at the same time. This means that they are recognised as a citizen under the laws of both nations and are entitled to the rights and responsibilities associated with each. For example, a person might be a citizen of both the United Kingdom and the United States, enjoying the benefits of both countries.

Dual nationality can occur in several ways. It can happen automatically, for instance, when a child is born in a country that grants citizenship by birth (jus soli) while also inheriting citizenship from their parents (jus sanguinis). It can also occur when an individual naturalises in a new country without giving up their original nationality. In some cases, dual nationality is a deliberate choice, pursued for its advantages, such as access to additional markets, education, healthcare, or simply the freedom to live and work in multiple countries.

However, being a dual national also comes with obligations. A person with dual citizenship is subject to the laws of both countries, which can sometimes lead to legal or tax complexities. It is important for dual nationals to understand the implications of their status and to manage their obligations carefully.

Can US citizens have dual citizenship?

Yes, US citizens can hold dual citizenship, though the United States does not actively encourage it. The US government recognises that individuals may acquire another nationality either by birth or naturalisation in a foreign country. However, the US does not require individuals to renounce their American citizenship if they obtain another nationality.

There are certain circumstances under which a US citizen might automatically acquire dual citizenship. For example, a child born abroad to American parents may hold both US citizenship and the citizenship of the country of birth. Similarly, a US citizen who marries a foreign national may become eligible for that country’s citizenship without losing their US status.

It is worth noting that while the US recognises dual citizenship, it imposes certain restrictions and obligations. Dual nationals must pay US taxes on their worldwide income, even if they live abroad. They are also subject to US laws and regulations, including those related to military service and security clearances. Additionally, dual citizens are required to enter and leave the United States using their US passport.

The concept of dual citizenship can be complex, especially when it comes to fulfilling the legal obligations of two different countries. Therefore, US citizens considering obtaining a second nationality should seek legal advice to understand the potential implications.

If a person is a dual citizen, what is his nationality?

A person with dual citizenship has two nationalities, meaning they are legally recognised as a citizen of two different countries. This status grants them the rights, privileges, and responsibilities of citizenship in both nations.

For example, a dual citizen of Dominica and the United Kingdom enjoys the protection of both governments, has the right to live and work in both countries, and can vote in elections in each nation (provided they meet the eligibility criteria). However, the legal interpretation of nationality can vary depending on the countries involved. Some countries may consider a dual citizen to be exclusively their national, ignoring the other nationality in legal matters, particularly if the individual is within that country’s borders.

It is essential for dual nationals to understand how each of their countries views their dual status. This understanding is crucial for issues like taxation, military service, and legal rights. In some cases, a country might impose penalties or restrictions on dual nationals, particularly if it does not recognise dual citizenship officially.

Do people with dual citizenship have two passports?

Yes, individuals with dual citizenship typically hold two passports, one from each of the countries where they have nationality. Having two passports can be highly beneficial, especially for international travel. It allows dual nationals to enter and exit each of their countries using the respective passport, avoiding potential visa requirements, and ensuring smoother border crossings.

However, holding two passports also comes with responsibilities. Dual citizens must ensure that both passports are kept up to date and meet the legal requirements of each country. Additionally, they need to be aware of the rules regarding which passport to use when entering and exiting each country. For example, the United States requires its citizens, including dual nationals, to use their US passport when entering or leaving the country.

How to get dual citizenship or nationality

Obtaining dual citizenship or nationality varies depending on the countries involved, but there are several common pathways:

Birthright:

Some individuals acquire dual nationality automatically at birth. This can occur if a child is born in a country that grants citizenship by birth (jus soli) and also inherits citizenship from their parents (jus sanguinis). For example, a child born in the United States to British parents may hold both US and UK citizenship from birth.

Descent:

Many countries offer citizenship by descent, allowing individuals to claim nationality based on their parents’ or grandparents’ citizenship. This is often the case for those seeking to obtain European citizenship through ancestral ties.

Marriage:

Marrying a citizen of another country can make an individual eligible for naturalisation in that country, potentially leading to dual citizenship. The process and requirements vary by country, but marriage is a common route to obtaining a second nationality.

Naturalisation:

This is the most common way for adults to acquire a second nationality. Naturalisation involves living in a country for a specific period, meeting residency requirements, and passing language and citizenship tests. Many countries offer naturalisation pathways that do not require renouncing the original nationality, thus allowing dual citizenship.

Investment:

Some countries, like Dominica, offer Citizenship by Investment programmes. These programmes allow individuals to obtain citizenship in exchange for a financial investment in the country’s economy. This is a popular option for those seeking the benefits of dual nationality without long residency requirements.

Dual nationality is a valuable status that offers numerous benefits, from enhanced global mobility to expanded employment opportunities and cultural enrichment. Whether acquired through birth, marriage, descent, naturalisation, or investment, dual nationality is an increasingly popular choice for those looking to broaden their horizons and secure their place in a rapidly globalising world. Dominica stands out as one of the best countries for obtaining dual nationality, offering a robust Citizenship by Investment Programme that opens doors to a wealth of opportunities.

However, being a global citizen is not a simple task. Global citizens have particular responsibilities and obligations to the world, as a consequence of their global citizenship. They understand that their actions do not occur in a vacuum, but rather have implications for other nations and for the global community.  

So, what is global citizenship, who can call themselves global citizens, and how might you become a global citizen? This article will seek to understand all facets of global citizenship.  

What is citizenship?  

Citizenship is the membership of a particular country while upholding the rights and responsibilities of that country.  

To hold British citizenship, for example, makes a person a British national who can vote in elections and run for office, but is also expected to fulfil their responsibilities of paying tax and obeying laws.  

Citizenship goes beyond residency, or the right to live and work in a country for a certain amount time. Citizenship is more demanding, requiring a lifelong commitment to a country. This commitment can be passed down to future generations, as many countries allow citizenship to be passed through families.  

Global citizens and citizens of the world  

Global citizens see themselves as having particular rights and responsibilities to the world, rather than only to one nation. They aim to improve their own nation but also hope to help other nations, too.  

As citizens of the world, they believe that responsibilities go beyond borders and are not limited to their own countries of origin.  

To global citizens, the freedom to see the world, participate in the global economy, and exercise political choices in a safe environment are all fundamental rights. In turn, their responsibilities come from ensuring that they contribute to the world’s openness, safety and freedom.  

Oxfam GB adds that global citizenship is ‘about how decisions in one part of the planet can affect people living in a different part of it, and about how we all share a common humanity and are of equal worth.’ 

To be a global citizen, you must be constantly considering your place in the world.  

Global citizens ‘take an active role in their community and work with others to make our planet more peaceful, sustainable and fairer,’ according to Oxfam. 

What is expected of global citizens?  

Global citizenship directly contradicts the assumption that individuals only have obligations to the nation within which they were born. 

Rather, global citizens understand that in an increasingly interconnected world, it is not only possible to feel obligations towards more than one nation; it is sensible. 

Global citizens tend to be open minded, well-travelled individuals who feel connected to the rest of the world.  

Informed and globally engaged, global citizens are often interested in learning about new cultures, world events and new economic opportunities.  

However, global citizenship may be more difficult for some people to attain than others.  

For example, staying well-informed on global developments requires time commitments and education. Staying connected to the world economy requires business savvy and monetary commitments.  

Responsibilities of global citizens  

Global citizenship is not attainable for everyone, and should be regarded as a privilege which comes with important responsibilities.  

How can I be a good global citizen?

If global citizenship is attainable for you, then it is important to understand the responsibilities of global citizenship. There are many responsibilities, but here are some of the most important:  

• The responsibility to stay informed of global developments, markets and cultures 
• The responsibility to listen to multiple, varied perspectives on foreign affairs and globally relevant issues  
• The responsibility to affirm, respect and contribute to cultural diversity  
• The responsibility to honour relationships with people from other countries and cultures  
• The responsibility to think through and recognise the many ways in which people and countries of the world are interconnected and interdependent  
• The responsibility to share knowledge with others, and learn from them in turn 
• The responsibility to advocate for greater multilateralism, international cooperation and dialogue with other nations  
• The responsibility for advocating for the global implementation of international agreements, conventions, and treaties related to international issues  
• The responsibility for advocating for more equal systems of global justice, environmental justice and collaboration within the world community  

What is best thing about being or becoming a global citizen?

One of the most significant advantages is the ability to transcend geographical boundaries and connect with diverse cultures, fostering a deep sense of understanding and empathy towards others.

What are the benefits of being a global citizen?

Embracing the role of a Global Citizen offers a myriad of benefits and opportunities. Global Citizens have the privilege of engaging in cross-cultural exchanges, broadening their perspectives, and contributing to positive global change. By being part of a global community, individuals can actively participate in addressing pressing global issues, promoting peace, sustainability, and inclusivity on a worldwide scale.

Additionally, the sense of belonging to a global network empowers individuals to collaborate, learn from different societies, and appreciate the richness of human diversity. Becoming a Global Citizen opens doors to endless learning experiences, personal growth, and a shared responsibility towards creating a more interconnected and harmonious world for present and future generations.

How to become a global citizen 

Dual citizenship

Some people will find that, by accident of birth, they hold citizenships of two countries. Dual citizens have rights and responsibilities in two different countries, which grants them a privileged and important global perspective.  

Dual citizenship can grant a person an enhanced ability to travel to different countries, to engage with the global economy and to interact with politics and foreign affairs. 

European Union citizenship

The European Union (EU) offers a fascinating model which is similar to global citizenship. As an EU citizen, you have rights to live, work, vote and pay tax in the EU’s 27 member states. These member states are all situated in the same geographic area: Europe. 

However, global citizens may not wish to limit their global citizenship to their particular region of the world. Rather, for reasons of wanderlust, weather, governance or economic incentive, global citizens may want to expand their horizons further.  

Citizenship by Investment

Global citizens may choose to attain global citizenship through a Citizenship by Investment (CBI) programme. Citizenship by Investment (CBI) is a method of attaining a second citizenship of a country through making an investment in that country. 

A trusted option for people interested in becoming global citizens, CBI often entails an investment in a country’s social programmes or real estate. 

The Caribbean is known as the cradle of second Citizenship by Investment.  

Spotlight: St. Kitts and Nevis

The Caribbean CBI programme of St. Kitts and Nevis, for example, offers a Sustainable Island State Contribution which goes towards enhancing the sustainable development and social welfare of the island. 

St. Kitts and Nevis boasts the world’s first CBI programme and is known as being the premier standard of CBI programmes. 

The St. Kitts and Nevis CBI Programme received the top spot in the 2024 CBI Index’s ranking of CBI programmes. 

St. Kitts and Nevis has used CBI funds for fascinating initiatives including renewable energy investment. CBI helped the country create a new Department of Creative Economy, which empowers people in the creative industries to continue developing their talents.  

CBI is also aiding future generations in St. Kitts and Nevis through funding schools and educational initiatives. 

Spotlight: Dominica

The Caribbean CBI programme of Dominica offers an Economic Diversification Fund which aids the island’s goal to become the world’s first climate-resilient nation.  

With CBI funds, Dominica is currently building a geothermal power plant. An international airport, new bridges and roads to supplement its growing ecotourism industry are other projects being funded by CBI. This all contributes to the country’s continued economic diversification.

Its diverse and appealing ecotourism attractions propelled the country to become the first in the world benchmarked by Green Globe. Green Globe sets high standards in its certification system of countries offering sustainable ecotourism.

Dominica also offers multiple natural parks, four and five-star eco hotels, and protected marine parks. The Morne Trois Pitons National Park is particularly of note as an UNESCO World Heritage Site. 

Both countries also allow investment in real estate, with options often including eco hotels and eco-resorts. These sustainably sourced real estate options are important to helping the natural environment, driving ecotourism on the island, and spurring economic diversification and growth. 

How CS Global Partners can help you become a global citizen  

We have a team across the globe, with many having lived, studied and learned in multiple countries around the world. Because of our global experience, we have first-hand knowledge of how important, worrying, and sometimes emotionally taxing a second citizenship or residence decision may be for an individual and his or her family. 

We aim to take some of this stress away, making your decision easier. Providing a smooth process and a constant guiding hand to our clients, we invite you to begin your citizenship journey.  

Start your journey to global citizenship today and get in contact with one of our citizenship consultants.  

The Portuguese President enacted the “More Housing” bill which confirmed the end of real estate investment as an eligible investment option for Portugal’s Residence Permit for Investment Activity (ARI) programme, the country’s Residence by Investment (RBI) programme, more commonly referred to as the Portuguese Golden Visa. The new law will come into effect the day after the law is published in the official journey.

Up until the introduction of the “More Housing” bill, applicants for the Portuguese Golden Visa chose the most popular investment route which was through investments in real estate starting at €280,000.

However, the Programme’s core concept remains intact: attracting foreign investors to boost the Portuguese economy.

For years, Portugal’s Golden Visa programme has attracted investors, bringing in millions of euros in annual investment.

Portugal, a land of rich history and captivating landscapes, has always been a sought-after destination for travellers.

Beyond vacations, the Programme has allowed non-EU citizens to call this beautiful country home.

Presidential Hurdles and Legislative Resilience

President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa initially rejected the ”More Housing” bill, which the Portuguese Parliament passed on 19 July 2023, sending the bill back to Parliament for amendments.

But on 26 September 2023, the bill was reconfirmed during a second and final vote in Parliament, without any modifications. Accordingly, the President announced on 30 September 2023, that he had promulgated the “More Housing” bill.

Existing filed applications are not affected, offering reassurance to investors.

However, a significant change is coming. Real estate investments will no longer qualify as an investment route for the Golden Visa programme, as Portugal addresses housing concerns.

With real estate investments no longer an option, market observers anticipate that the fund investment category will become the preferred route for most investors.

While the programme endures, potential investors must navigate these changes.

Renewal and Family Reunification

Requests for granting and renewing residence permits for investment activities remain valid, even as the law undergoes changes.

Furthermore, the exclusion of residence permits for family reunification from adoption limitations underscores Portugal’s commitment to facilitating family unity.

Opposition and Amendments

During the legislative process, opposition parties presented numerous amendment proposals, all of which were ultimately rejected.

This underscores the Government’s determination to maintain the essence of the Golden Visa programme.

The remaining open investment options for Golden Visa applicants, after new law comes into effect include:

1. Creation of at least ten jobs;
2. Transferring capital of €500,000 or more for research activities in scientific institution;
3. Transferring capital of €250,000 or more for investment in artistic production, cultural heritage, and related activities;
4. Transferring capital of €500,000 or more for acquiring shares in specific investment funds incorporated under Portuguese law;
5. Transferring capital of €500,000 or more for incorporating a commercial company in Portugal, coupled with job creation or capital reinforcement in existing companies; and

For options 1, 2, and 3, minimum investment amount or quantitative requirement can be reduced by 20 per cent when investments are made in low-density territories or economically disadvantaged areas.

Importantly, the new law prohibits any form of direct or indirect real estate investment.

Portugal’s Resilient Appeal

Despite the modifications to the programme, Portugal continues to attract investors at a noteworthy rate.

In August 2023, the country issued 64 Golden Visas, with 42 of them related to real estate acquisitions.

These investments injected over €32.8 million into Portugal through its Golden Visa programme.

Steady Growth and Market Regulation

While August 2023 figures showed a slight decrease compared to the previous year, the overall trend is one of growth.

From January to August 2023, the Golden Visa program brought in €493 million to Portugal, representing a 24 per cent increase from the same period in the previous year.

This programme remains integral to Portugal’s efforts to address housing challenges and regulate the real estate market.

Why Portugal is a Top Choice for Residency by Investment

Portugal offers more than just residency; it’s a lifestyle.

Golden Visa holders experience the warmth of its culture, delicious cuisine, and a relaxed way of life.

From Lisbon’s vibrant streets to the Algarve’s tranquil beaches, every region offers a unique living experience.

Historic Cities: A Journey Back in Time

Lisbon: A blend of modernity and history, offering cosmopolitan living and cultural richness.

Porto: Known for its wine and charm, with a vibrant cultural scene and historic architecture.

Sintra: A UNESCO World Heritage site, promising a tranquil escape with palaces and castles.

Secluded Portuguese Beaches

The Algarve: Europe’s sunniest spot, boasting golden beaches and year-round resort-like living.

Comporta: A luxury traveller’s secret, offering pristine beaches and a laid-back atmosphere.

Azores and Madeira: Untouched island paradises with volcanic landscapes and lush forests.

Luxury Living with the Golden Visa

The programme has provided access to luxury living in Portugal. Upscale resorts and boutique hotels have welcomed investors.

However, with real estate investment no longer an option, alternative investment routes include funds investment structures, share capital in existing companies and job creation.

The Future of the Golden Visa Programme

While real estate investment directly or indirectly is no longer an option, the programme remains open, with funds investment expected become the new preferred qualifying route. Restructuring ensures its continuity with different investment criteria.

What is sustainable travel?

Sustainable travel encourages tourists to make conscious choices, such as using public transportation, reducing waste, and supporting accommodations and tour operators that prioritise environmental and social responsibility.

This approach not only benefits the destinations visited but also enriches the travel experience by promoting authentic interactions and fostering a deeper appreciation for the world around us. So, next time you embark on a journey, consider embracing sustainable travel practices for a more responsible and fulfilling adventure.

In an ever-evolving world where consciousness about the environmental impact is on the rise, the concept of sustainable travel has captured the hearts of an increasing number of travellers. It is means of travel that takes into account the environmental, social, and economic impacts of tourism.

This means choosing destinations committed to conservation, supporting environmentally friendly businesses, and minimising a traveller’s impact on the environment. Many countries globally are recognised for promoting sustainable travel, such as Barbados, Bhutan, Costa Rica, Finland, New Zealand, Rwanda, Scotland, Slovenia and St. Kitts and Nevis.

Sustainable travel is of paramount importance in today’s world due to its wide-ranging impact on the environment, economies, and local communities.

A Small Nation, Big Efforts

St. Kitts and Nevis- The smallest country in the Western Hemisphere is also doing its bit by being a sustainable tourism destination. The country has gone beyond the regular concept of tourisms and instead focuses on cultural preservation. The country’s rich history and cultural heritage are promoted as part of the tourism experience.

Besides this, the Government promotes sustainable accommodation, and many hotels and resorts in the twin-island Federation have adopted sustainable practices, including water and energy conservation, waste reduction and eco-friendly architecture.

St. Kitts and Nevis also boasts a stunning natural landscape, including pristine beaches, lush rainforests, and diverse marine life. The country’s commitment to preserving its biodiversity ensures that tourists can enjoy these attractions while minimising negative environmental impacts.

Besides this, St. Kitts and Nevis has established protected areas and national parks to safeguard its unique ecosystems. These areas provide habitats for native plants and animals. They promote ecotourism, and offer opportunities for visitors to engage with nature responsibly.

The local communities in St. Kitts and Nevis are involved in tourism planning and decision-making. This approach empowers residents to actively participate in shaping the tourism industry, ensuring that it aligns with their cultural values and benefits their livelihoods.

St. Kitts and Nevis have been making efforts to transition to renewable energy sources. Incorporating solar and wind energy reduces the environmental impact of tourism operations and serves as an example of sustainable development.

There are several awareness programmes being operated by the tourism authorities in S.t Kitts and Nevis, where travellers are often provided with information about local ecosystems, cultural heritage, and sustainable practices. This education helps raise awareness about the importance of responsible tourism and encourages visitors to minimise their impact.

The Profound Significance of Sustainable Travel

Environmental Preservation

Sustainable travel focuses on minimising the negative impact of tourism on natural resources and ecosystems. By adopting eco-friendly practices, such as reducing carbon emissions, conserving water, and protecting biodiversity, sustainable travel contributes to the preservation of delicate ecosystems and helps combat climate change.

Conservation of Cultural Heritage

Sustainable travel respects and supports the preservation of cultural heritage, traditions, and local communities. It encourages travellers to engage responsibly with local cultures, fostering cultural exchange while ensuring that traditional practices and artefacts are not exploited or degraded.

Economic Growth and Local Benefits

This method of opting for and encouraging more sustainable tourism can stimulate local economies by creating job opportunities, supporting small businesses, and promoting community development. When tourism is managed sustainably, revenue generated from tourism can be reinvested to improve local infrastructure, education, and healthcare.

Reduced Over-tourism

Ecotourism aims to distribute the benefits of tourism more evenly and reduce the negative impacts of overcrowding in popular destinations. By encouraging travellers to explore off-the-beaten-path locations and promoting responsible behaviour, over-tourism can be mitigated.

Preservation of Natural Resources

This encourages responsible consumption and waste reduction. Travellers are encouraged to minimise their ecological footprint by using resources efficiently, supporting renewable energy sources, and reducing single-use plastics.

Educational and Cultural Exchange

Sustainable travel provides opportunities for cultural exchange and education. It can foster a deeper understanding and appreciation of different cultures, societies, and environments. This can lead to increased tolerance and empathy among people from diverse backgrounds.

Long-Term Viability

Sustainable travel contributes to the long-term viability of the tourism industry. By protecting natural and cultural assets, destinations can continue to attract travellers, benefiting both visitors and the local population for generations to come.

Resilience in Crisis

Sustainable travel practices can help the tourism industry be more resilient in crises such as pandemics or natural disasters. A diversified and responsible tourism approach can aid in recovery and reduce the vulnerability of communities dependent on tourism.

Global Responsibility

As the world becomes more interconnected, the choices made by travellers can have far-reaching impacts. Sustainable travel promotes a sense of global responsibility. It encourages travellers to make choices that align with ethical and environmental values.

As the world becomes more connected, eco-travel is crucial for maintaining a harmonious balance between economic development, environmental protection, and cultural preservation.

It is a collective effort that involves individuals, businesses, governments, and organizations. By working together the can ensure that present and future generations enjoy the benefits of travel without compromising the planet or its inhabitants.

Wealthy Americans are increasingly seeking second citizenship, and the growing interest in Caribbean Citizenship-by-Investment (CBI) programmes reflects these concerns.  

The 2024 World Citizenship Report highlights this trend, offering insights into why alternative citizenships are becoming an essential part of wealth and risk management for many Americans. 

Political and Economic Uncertainty: The Driving Forces

The 2024 US election cycle was marked by sharp divisions and an intensifying political climate, contributing to a sense of instability for many citizens, especially those with significant wealth.  

Regardless of the outcome, the polarised environment left many questioning the future of their country’s governance, economy, and social policies. These concerns are driving wealthy Americans to seek more secure, stable, and flexible options for themselves and their families—alternative citizenship provides a way to achieve this. 

Several factors are influencing the surge in interest for alternative citizenship:

1. Political Instability and Future Uncertainty

The volatility of US politics, combined with unpredictable shifts in domestic policy, has led many HNWIs to look for ways to mitigate potential risks. The contentious election results, and the looming challenges of the next administration, have left many Americans wondering whether their personal and business interests will be safeguarded in the future.  

An alternative citizenship offers a safety net, providing access to more stable political environments, especially in countries with well-established democracies and governance systems. 

2. Taxation and Estate Planning

The US tax system, including its estate taxes, capital gains tax, and reporting requirements (such as FATCA), is often viewed as complex and burdensome for HNWIs. 

Following the 2024 election, many individuals are revisiting their tax strategies and wealth management plans. An alternative citizenship, especially in jurisdictions with favourable tax policies, can offer significant financial benefits. 

 Caribbean nations like St. Kitts and Nevis and Dominica offer no capital gains tax, no inheritance tax, and no wealth tax, making them highly attractive for those seeking to optimise their tax obligations. 

3. Economic Diversification and Asset Protection

With concerns about inflation, stock market volatility, and the potential for economic downturns, many affluent Americans are seeking ways to diversify their assets and protect their wealth. 

An alternative citizenship allows them to broaden their investment options, access new markets, and safeguard their assets in jurisdictions with stable economies and favourable legal frameworks. 

Countries offering CBI programmes also provide avenues to invest in real estate and business ventures that offer both long-term growth potential and citizenship benefits. 

4. Enhanced Global Mobility and Travel Freedom

The US passport ranks highly in terms of visa-free travel; however, it does not guarantee freedom from the growing geopolitical tensions that may impact travel and international relations.  

For wealthy Americans who need to travel frequently for business, investment, or personal reasons, an alternative citizenship can significantly enhance their global mobility. Caribbean CBI programmes offer access to key destinations worldwide, including the European Union, the United Kingdom, and much of the Caribbean and Latin America—ideal for those seeking more seamless global access. 

5. The Desire for a “Plan B”

For many wealthy Americans, acquiring alternative citizenship is increasingly seen as a “plan B.”  

With climate change, social unrest, and economic disruptions becoming more prevalent, having the option to relocate to a more stable environment is seen as a wise precaution.  

Caribbean nations like St. Kitts and Nevis and Dominica offer not only political and economic stability but also a high quality of life, access to excellent healthcare, and a lower cost of living compared to major cities in the US. 

Caribbean Citizenship by Investment Programmes: A Safe and Strategic Choice

Among the global options for second citizenship, Caribbean CBI programmes have become particularly popular with wealthy Americans.  

The Caribbean nations of St. Kitts and Nevis and Dominica have long been favoured for their streamlined processes, attractive tax regimes, and the ability to include family members in applications. 

St. Kitts and Nevis Citizenship by Investment Programme

Citizenship by Investment in St. Kitts and Nevis is available through one of four options: 

1. The Sustainable Island State Contribution (SISC): This route involves making a non-refundable contribution starting at donation to the country’s development fund, starting at US$250,000 for a main applicant or a family with up to four persons. The SISC was established with a view to facilitating economic development and social upliftment in St. Kitts and Nevis. 
2. Developer’s Real Estate Investment: Applicants may invest in government-approved real estate projects, with a minimum investment of US$325,000. After seven years, the property can be resold, allowing investors to recoup their investment. 
3. Private Real Estate Sale Investment: Applicants can apply for citizenship by purchasing Approved Private Real Estate. The minimum investment is US$325,000 for a condominium unit or share (resaleable after 7 years), or US$600,000 for a single-family home (resaleable after 7 years). 
4. Public Benefit Option: Under the Public Benefit Option applicants can obtain citizenship by making a minimum contribution of US$250,000 to an Approved Public Benefit Project, payable to the Unit. 

The St. Kitts and Nevis CBI Programme is particularly attractive because of its efficient processing times, the ability to include spouses, children, and even extended family members, and the absence of capital gains, inheritance, and wealth taxes.  

This makes it a prime choice for wealthy Americans looking to protect their assets and secure a more favourable tax environment. 

Dominica Citizenship by Investment Programme

Dominica’s CBI Programme offers two routes for obtaining citizenship: 

1. The Economic Diversification Fund (EDF): A donation to the EDF starts at US$200,000 for a single applicant. This fund supports national development initiatives in education, healthcare, and infrastructure. 
2. Real Estate Investment: A minimum investment of US$200,000 in government-approved real estate developments, with a three-year holding period, provides another pathway to citizenship. 

Dominica’s CBI Programme stands out for its simplicity as well as efficient processing times. In addition to enhanced global mobility, the country offers a stable and attractive living environment, with a strong focus on sustainable development and eco-tourism. 

Key Insights from the 2024 World Citizenship Report

The 2024 World Citizenship Report offers further insight into the growing trend of wealthy individuals seeking alternative citizenship.  

Some key takeaways include: 

• Enhanced Security and Stability: According to the report, applicants are not only attracted by the financial benefits of CBI programmes but also by the political stability these countries offer. Caribbean nations are viewed as more secure alternatives to the growing instability in other parts of the world. 

• Family-Centric Applications: The report also highlights a shift towards family-focused applications. Wealthy individuals are increasingly seeking citizenship for their entire family, including children, spouses, and even elderly parents, to ensure long-term security and a better quality of life. 

As the 2024 US elections have underscored, the growing political, economic, and social uncertainties in the United States are prompting many wealthy Americans to look beyond their borders for solutions. 

Citizenship by Investment programmes in the Caribbean provide an attractive and secure pathway to alternative citizenship. These programmes not only offer financial and tax benefits but also provide access to a stable, globally mobile lifestyle that is becoming increasingly important for affluent individuals and their families. 

The insights from our 2024 World Citizenship Report highlight a clear trend: as global uncertainty increases, alternative citizenship is no longer a luxury but a strategic necessity. 

For wealthy Americans, acquiring a second citizenship in the Caribbean offers peace of mind, enhanced global mobility, and a secure financial future. 

Alternative Citizenship for Americans FAQs

Can an American become a citizen of another country?

Yes, an American citizen can become a citizen of another country. Many countries allow dual or multiple citizenships, meaning an American can retain their US citizenship while acquiring the citizenship of another country. However, it is important to understand the laws of both the United States and the other country involved, as some nations may require individuals to renounce their previous citizenship in certain circumstances.

For those seeking alternative citizenship through investment, the Caribbean’s Citizenship by Investment (CBI) programmes offer a straightforward and legal way for US citizens to gain citizenship in countries St. Kitts and Nevis and Dominica. These programmes generally require a financial contribution to the country’s economy, such as an investment in real estate or a donation to a government fund, and are often favoured by those seeking better opportunities for their families and enhanced global mobility.

Where is the easiest place to get citizenship as an American?

The “easiest” place for an American to get citizenship depends on personal circumstances, such as whether the individual prefers a more straightforward application process or is seeking specific benefits like enhanced global mobility, citizenship for life or tax advantages.

Caribbean Citizenship by Investment (CBI) programmes are often considered among the most accessible and attractive options for Americans looking for alternative citizenship. These programmes are designed for individuals who can make a qualifying investment in exchange for citizenship. Among the most popular CBI destinations for Americans are:

• St. Kitts and Nevis: This longest-standing and premier CBI programme allows Americans to obtain citizenship with a donation to the country’s Sustainable  Island State Contribution (SISC) or through an investment in government-approved real estate.
• Dominica: A popular and efficient programme, Dominica offers a relatively low investment threshold and allows citizenship through a donation to the Economic Diversification Fund or through real estate investment.

These Caribbean programmes are popular due to their locations, quick processing times, and the freedom they offer in terms of travel and tax benefits. They also allow US citizens to retain their original citizenship, making them an attractive option for those looking for enhanced global mobility and security.

At its core, citizenship is a legal and social status. It defines an individual’s membership within a particular nation or state. It entails both rights and responsibilities, and it often goes beyond mere legal obligations, shaping a person’s identity and sense of belonging. Citizenship bestows upon individuals the rights to live and work in a specific country. Additionally it allows them to participate in its political processes. Furthermore, they get to enjoy the benefits of that nation’s legal and social systems. We answer the question: ‘What is a citizen?’ in detail below.

What is a citizen?

A citizen is a legally recognised subject or national of a state or commonwealth…

The concept of citizenship represents more than just a legal status; it defines the relationship between individuals and the nation they belong to. Understanding citizenship is not only about legalities; it is about belonging, identity, and the shared commitment to building a better future.

Different Types of Citizenship

From birthright, citizenship by descent, naturalisation to dual citizenship and Citizenship by Investment, there are distinct paths individuals take to become citizens. 

These forms of citizenship can vary across nations, and the rights and responsibilities they bestow upon those who hold them. 

Each different type of citizenship reflects the rich tapestry of the global community and the complexities of the legal, cultural, and societal ties that bind us together as citizens of the world. 

Birthright Citizenship

Birthright citizenship, or jus soli, is the right to citizenship by virtue of being born within a country’s territory. It remains a cornerstone of immigration policy in countries like the United States and Canada, though some nations have faced debates over its benefits and limitations.

Current Debates on Birthright Citizenship

While birthright citizenship ensures inclusivity by granting citizenship regardless of parental nationality, it has sparked debates in countries facing immigration surges. In the US, the policy has been challenged as critics argue it may encourage illegal immigration. Some advocates for change propose adopting a modified jus soli that grants citizenship only if at least one parent holds permanent residency.

What are the advantages of birthright citizenship?

• Inclusivity: Birthright citizenship is often seen as an inclusive policy that recognises the diversity of a nation’s population. It ensures that children born in the country, regardless of their parents’ background, have equal rights and opportunities. 
• Integration: Birthright citizenship promotes the integration of diverse populations within a nation, as it facilitates the process and encourages a sense of belonging among individuals of different backgrounds. 
• Territorial Principle: The principle of birthright citizenship is based on the geographical location of birth. If a person is born on the soil of a country that practices jus soli, they are considered a citizen of that country. 

Citizenship by Decent

Descent or blood citizenship, also known as jus sanguinis, is a legal principle that grants citizenship to individuals based on their family or ancestral ties to a specific country.

If one or both parents are citizens of that country, their children often become citizens by descent. Germany, for example, practices this form of citizenship.

Key Aspects of Citizenship by Descent

• Jus Sanguinis: This term is Latin for “right of blood,” and it reflects the essence of descent or blood citizenship. It is the legal basis upon which many countries grant citizenship to individuals with recognised ancestral or familial ties.
• Preserving Cultural and Ancestral Ties: Descent citizenship can help individuals maintain a connection to their cultural and ancestral heritage, even if they were born in a different country. It simplifies the process of reuniting families with members living in different countries, as children born to citizens abroad can often claim citizenship through their parents. 
• Multiple Generations: Some countries allow individuals to claim citizenship through their grandparents or even more distant ancestors, depending on the specific legal provisions in place.
• Documentation and Proof: Applicants for descent or blood citizenship typically need to provide documented evidence of their familial connection, such as birth certificates, marriage certificates, and other relevant records. The specific requirements and documentation can vary from one country to another.

Naturalisation

Naturalisation is the process through which a foreign-born individual can acquire citizenship in a new country, typically through residency, language proficiency, and cultural integration. With global migration trends shifting, naturalisation requirements have been updated in various countries to address security concerns and promote effective assimilation.

Modern Naturalisation Requirements

Naturalisation processes vary widely but often include residency requirements (ranging from 3 to 10 years), language and civics exams, and, in some cases, proof of stable income or community involvement. For instance, in the United States, applicants must reside for a minimum of five years (or three if married to a US citizen), pass an English test, and demonstrate knowledge of US history and government. Recently, nations like Germany and Australia have updated their language proficiency and integration requirements to ensure that new citizens can participate fully in society.

Cultural Integration and Civic Commitment

NaturaliSation policies increasingly emphasiSe integration into the host nation’s cultural and social fabric. This includes demonstrating knowledge of the country’s customs, laws, and values. In countries like Canada, naturalisation ceremonies emphasise civic duty and national pride, encouraging new citizens to actively contribute to society. Some nations also offer citizenship courses or community programmes to support new immigrants in adapting to their new environment, promoting a smoother transition into citizenship.

Global Implications of Naturalisation Policies

Naturalisation has become a topic of political debate in several countries, with some tightening policies to control immigration levels. Others, like the UAE, have recently introduced “Golden Visas,” which grant residency to skilled professionals as part of an economic strategy. By tailoring naturalisation policies to their economic and social needs, countries strive to balance welcoming immigrants and protecting national interests.

Dual Citizenship

Dual citizenship allows individuals to legally hold citizenship in two or more countries simultaneously, offering significant benefits in terms of rights, global mobility, and economic opportunities. However, policies regarding dual citizenship vary, with some nations actively encouraging it and others imposing strict limitations.

Dual citizenship can be obtained in various ways, such as through birthright, investment or naturalisation. The rules surrounding dual citizenship can vary widely from one country to another.

Key Aspects of Dual Citizenship

• Changing Policies on Dual Citizenship: Countries worldwide have been reconsidering their stance on dual citizenship in response to globalisation. Nations like Canada and the United Kingdom allow dual citizenship freely, viewing it as a bridge for expatriates to maintain ties with their homeland. However, other countries, including Japan and Singapore, strictly prohibit dual citizenship, requiring individuals to choose one nationality to avoid divided loyalties. Recently, South Korea and India have introduced limited provisions allowing dual citizenship or Overseas Citizenship, providing specific rights without full citizenship privileges.
• Global Mobility and Economic Benefits: Dual citizens can enjoy more flexible travel options. This can be particularly beneficial for businesspeople and frequent travellers. They can enter each of their countries without visas and, in many cases, access neighboring regions. For instance, European Union (EU) citizens have the right to live, work, and travel freely across all EU member states, which can be especially advantageous for businesspeople. Additionally, dual citizenship often provides access to education and social services in both countries, presenting economic and social benefits that single citizenship may not offer. 
• Responsibilities and Legal Implications: Dual citizenship also brings legal responsibilities, such as tax obligations in each country. US citizens, for example, are required to report their worldwide income regardless of residency. This can create complexities, as dual citizens must navigate each country’s legal requirements. Some countries, such as Germany, require proof that dual citizenship does not create conflicts of interest, while others mandate dual citizens to fulfill obligations like military service if applicable. 

Citizenship by Investment (CBI)

Also known as economic citizenship, a growing trend in the world, some countries offer citizenship or residency in exchange for significant investments in their economy.  

This is a growing concept in the realm of citizenship. It allows individuals to acquire citizenship or residency in a foreign country by making a substantial financial investment in that country’s economy. 

The specific requirements and benefits vary from one nation to another. 

Citizenship by Investment programmes have gained popularity among countries seeking to attract foreign capital and stimulate economic growth. 

Investment Requirements and Examples 

Most CBI programmes require a substantial monetary investment in sectors like real estate, job creation, or national development funds. The Caribbean nations, such as Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, and St. Kitts and Nevis, are well-known for their accessible CBI programmes, offering citizenship in exchange for investments starting at around US$200,000. European countries like Austria and Malta also offer investment-based citizenship but with higher investment thresholds, often around €690,000.

Increased Regulatory Scrutiny:

Recent changes in international regulations have led to tighter controls over CBI programmes, especially as concerns over tax evasion and national security have grown. Organisations like the European Union and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have advised countries to implement more stringent background checks to ensure that applicants do not have criminal records and that funds come from legitimate sources. Some nations, such as Malta, have raised investment minimums or restricted the types of investments eligible for CBI to prevent misuse and ensure economic benefit.

Growing Popularity and Economic Impact:

CBI programmes remain attractive for investors seeking increased global mobility, a peaceful lifestyle and better opportunities. For the host countries, CBI is a source of significant revenue, funding infrastructure, healthcare, and education projects. In countries like Dominica, CBI programmes are crucial for rebuilding efforts after natural disasters, making these programmes essential for economic stability and development.

Honorary Citizenship

Honorary citizenship is a unique form of citizenship conferred by countries to individuals in recognition of their exceptional contributions. It is symbolic, carrying none of the rights typically associated with regular citizenship, such as the right to reside or vote. However, it is a significant honor, reflecting gratitude for a person’s global or national impact in various fields, including philanthropy, diplomacy, and arts. 

Recent Examples:

In recent years, countries have awarded honorary citizenship to individuals who have influenced global affairs or bolstered diplomatic relations. For instance, Sir David Attenborough, a British naturalist and broadcaster, was recently granted honorary citizenship by Monaco for his contributions to environmental awareness. Similarly, in the aftermath of crises like the COVID-19 pandemic, several philanthropists and healthcare workers have received this honor for their efforts in assisting affected countries, thus strengthening international goodwill.

Criteria for Honorary Citizenship

Countries award honorary citizenship based on several factors, including extraordinary achievements in humanitarian work, cultural contributions, or efforts to advance global peace. Individuals who advocate for a country’s interests on the world stage or support its diplomatic goals may also be recognised. For example, some nations confer honorary citizenship to public figures who actively promote their culture or heritage, thus fostering positive international relations.

Diplomatic and Cultural Relations 

Honorary citizenship is also a diplomatic tool, as it strengthens cultural ties between countries. By granting honorary citizenship to influential individuals from other nations, countries can create goodwill and support international partnerships. This symbolic status underscores mutual respect and a shared commitment to global progress, often leading to strengthened cultural exchanges or collaborative projects.

Global Citizenship

Global citizenship today expands on the idea of cross-border responsibility and interconnectedness, emphasising an individual’s role in the international community beyond their nationality. Unlike formal national citizenship, global citizenship does not confer legal rights; rather, it embodies ethical responsibilities that extend to global issues like climate change, social justice, and poverty alleviation. 

What is Global Citizenship?   

Digital Global Citizenship

The rise of digital technologies has fostered a new form of global citizenship, where people engage through online platforms to advocate for causes, connect with diverse communities, and participate in global discourse. This modern take on citizenship enables individuals, especially younger generations, to take part in movements, activism, and awareness campaigns that transcend geographic boundaries. For example, global responses to environmental issues, such as climate change awareness or social movements like #BlackLivesMatter, reflect the impact of this digital global citizenship. 

Education for Global Citizenship

Educational institutions worldwide play a crucial role in promoting global citizenship. Educational institutions globally are incorporating “global citizenship education” into their curricula. This approach encourages students to think critically about global challenges, promoting a worldview that respects cultural diversity and sustainable development. Programmes often involve learning about the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and other frameworks that highlight international cooperation as crucial for a balanced, healthy world. Many universities offer degrees and courses in global citizenship or global studies, highlighting the importance of preparing citizens who can engage constructively with worldwide challenges.

Role in Addressing Global Challenges

Global citizens often work collectively to address pressing global challenges. Global citizens increasingly work within or alongside international organisations, using collective effort to address challenges like inequality, environmental degradation, and global health crises. By supporting groups such as the United Nations, Amnesty International, and the World Health Organisation, individuals contribute to creating meaningful change. The shared responsibility fosters a unified approach to global issues, encouraging people to advocate for policies that benefit the global community. 

The CS Global Partners World Citizenship Report (WCR) considers the U.S. election in the context of elections across the globe, providing context for the global currents affecting today’s vote. In particular, the WCR identifies migration as a key global issue likely to affect voting patterns.  

Drawing upon WCR analysis, this article considers migration’s impact, and how it might influence the election outcome. It does so from a comparative, generational and economic perspective. 

 Global context of migration

2024 has seen more elections than any other year in history, and by the end of 2024, half of the world’s population will have had the chance to participate in an election. 

As the WCR notes in its article, ‘The Weight of Responsibility,’ migration patterns are key motivators for individuals voting across the globe.  

‘Migration policy has recently featured in the election rhetoric of countries such as the United Kingdom (UK), European Union (UN), United States (US) and India,’ the article noted. 

With wars driving migration and creating refugees in Europe and the Middle East, and enduring instability in some parts of Latin America (especially after the Venezuelan election), migration has become a central issue in global electoral conversations. 

Original data from the WCR survey indicated that the primary motivators for high-net-worth individuals seeking to obtain an alternative citizenship were Quality of Life and Safety and Security. 

In the U.S., these issues will be acutely affected by today’s election, as Vice President Kamala Harris and former President Donald Trump have different policies which will affect safety and living standards. These policies are largely based off their political parties (Democrat and Republican, respectively). 

Immigration policy is strongly linked to security policy, especially in the U.S.; the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services agency within the Department of Homeland Security is responsible for determining immigration policy. 

Generally, Harris’s policies line up more neatly with centre-left blocs across the globe, and she is more supportive of immigration than Trump. But, like other centre-left parties such as the UK Labour Party, her party is keen to appear relatively tough on immigration to appeal to ‘swing voters,’ or undecided voters.  

Trump’s Republican Party have been strongly against most immigration, and Trump is known for his promise to ‘build a wall’ dividing the U.S. from the Mexican border. Democrats oppose this policy.  

 A new generation of voters are passionate about migration

One potentially transformative element influencing the election is the advent of millions of new voters. Generation Z, which includes individuals born between 1997 to 2012, contains many individuals who have not yet been able to vote in an election — until now.  

The WCR’s article, ‘The New Generation: Youth Electoral Engagement and Social Media’ analyses this generation and its potential impact on the election.  

It notes Gen Z’s impact on the previous presidential election, with ‘a 289 per cent increase in Gen Z participation by raw vote total.’ The article suggests that this effect will be present in the 2024 election, too, as younger Gen Z’ers are able to vote for the first time in 2024.  

These young voters are utilising new social media channels, including TikTok, to reach fellow voters. Gen Z voters are particularly interested in driving migration discourse. 

Gen Z is also adept at using X, formerly known as Twitter, to drive political engagement and mobilise voters.  

A politically diverse generation, Gen Z’ers range from strongly pro-immigrant individuals and immigrants themselves to individuals strongly skeptical of immigration. Both camps are passionate about having their views heard and are keen to voice their views on social media. 

The WCR cites a study done by PhD students at the University of California, Los Angeles, which found that Gen Z’s use of social media has been effective in cementing their place as new leaders of political activism and mobilisation.  

‘The new tools that young voters have at their disposal, particularly social media, allow them to lead political conversations,’ the article said. 

 Migration’s impact on the economy and business

Businesses are taking note of the election’s potential impact on migration, as new migration policies could affect business and economic outcomes.  

WCR data ranked the U.S. as the fourteenth best country for Economic Opportunity. With the world’s largest GDP, the U.S. plays host to more immigrants than any other country, and immigrants make up nearly a fifth of the American labour force.  

The fervour of younger generations towards this issue electorally has led organisations to pay attention. 

The WCR notes that ‘organisations are taking note of youth activism and working to include young people in political, economic and financial decisions,’ particularly as Gen Z will make up 27% of the world’s workforce in 2025.  

In its ‘Spotlight on the US Elections: Migration and Millennial Priorities’ article, the WCR notes that the generation prior to Gen Z, Millennials, are also passionate about issues pertaining to migration.  

A generation of pro-immigration advocates

But whereas Gen Z has been more divided, with strong support found for both pro- and anti-immigration policies, Millennials tend to be overwhelmingly supportive of pro-immigration policies. 

The WCR explains, ‘Unlike some previous generations, they [Millennials] embrace a more open and welcoming approach towards immigrants, viewing them as valuable contributors to the nation’s cultural and economic fabric.’ 

Millennials played a key role in backing progressive candidates in the political primary elections in 2020, and pressured President Joe Biden to be more progressive in his immigration stance before he stepped down as President. 

The article adds that Millennials voice ‘support for policies promoting a more inclusive immigration system and the advocacy for pathways to citizenship for undocumented individuals.’ 

This attitude has economic implications, considering that Millennials will be the wealthiest generation in history, ‘due to a massive transfer of wealth and assets from the Silent Generation (born between 1928 and 1945) to Millennials.’  

That is in addition to their already strong influence on the workplace, making up 35% of the U.S. workforce.  

What we can expect from the 2024 election

Providing a prediction for the outcome of the 2024 U.S. election is beyond the scope of this article, but we can predict that migration will play upon the minds of the U.S. voter.  

From migration’s influence upon the economy, to its influence on the youngest generations, to the part immigration plays across the globe, it is clear that migration will continue to drive political debates and political outcomes.  

The CS Global Partners WCR offers a deep analysis of citizenship, including citizenship and residency advisory, for globally-minded Americans. 

Read the WCR by clicking the button below!